The Research & Monitoring team works closely with field rhino monitors from the general security department to collect data on rhino births, deaths, and movements. This allows us to identify demographic trends and changes over time and create individual rhino home range and distribution maps. This information provides insight into the appropriate density and competition levels on the Lewa landscape.

Predator-prey dynamics are an important part of ecosystem balance. Our team collects data on the numbers and distribution of our large carnivores, tracking not only birth and death rates but also prey preferences throughout the year. By following specific individuals using field rangers and telemetry collars and by setting up camera traps in strategic locations, we are able to develop a better sense of both inter- and intra-species relationships.

By analysing kill sites and scat, we are then able to determine what species are being preyed upon and in what proportion to their abundance on the landscape. This information informs the development of strategic interventions and directs further areas of research.

Ungulates, or hooved mammals, make up the bulk of Lewa’s prey base. Among them are several threatened and/or endangered species, including the Grevy’s zebra, Lelwel’s hartebeest, and the Reticulated giraffe. The landscape is also home to a significant number of buffalo, eland, impala, and oryx.

Our ungulate monitoring team collects monthly data on a select group of indicator species that give us an idea of the general  health of the landscape based on its ability to support these animals. By monitoring population structure, landscape usage, and body condition, we are able to identify any large-scale and widespread changes in the population dynamics of these animals that would indicate an underlying ecosystem change. Our ungulate monitoring team provides critical information that allows us to understand both predator-prey dynamics and ecosystem health.

Elephant numbers have been on the rise across northern Kenya thanks to successful anti-poaching policies and security efforts. However, as land use is rapidly changing (due to population expansion and climatic pressures), maintaining corridors of movement for wildlife is necessary to reduce human-wildlife conflict. In collaboration with our partners, we are able to track elephant movements through satellite collars and ground teams.

Though poaching incidents have decreased, human-wildlife conflict cases have unfortunately increased. The Lewa elephant monitoring team collects data on cases of elephant conflict on our boundaries as well as inside the conservancy. By identifying specific individual offenders and their strategies, we are able to develop targeted responses ranging from fence redesign, use of novel technologies like bee-hive fences, and in the most extreme of cases, translocation to other less crowded landscapes.

Our monitoring is critical to understanding the different family groups and individual elephants on the landscape. Our research then allows us to identify suitable interventions that help maintain Lewa’s position as a critical connection between Mount Kenya and Samburu ecosystems while reducing human-elephant conflict on our own landscape.

A healthy forage base is the cornerstone of any wildlife population. Sufficient forage not only ensures an abundant herbivore population, but also ensures a healthy carnivore population. Our research and monitoring team carries out annual surveys on select plots across the conservancy, measuring vegetation composition, biomass, and cover, among other metrics. The purpose of these annual surveys is to provide a year to year comparison of forage abundance and distribution in order to assess impacts of management, wildlife, and weather variability on rangeland condition.

Birdlife is considered an important ecosystem indicator functional group since birds are highly responsive to environmental change. Monitoring bird populations is useful in assessing their status and helping to determine conservation priorities. Lewa serves as a key habitat to many bird species, including species that are globally threatened like the Grey Crowned Crane. It is also an important stop-off point for some migratory birds, especially Palearctic Migrants, and is an important wetland area that is an attraction and feeding ground to many bird species. Our Research team conducts monthly surveys of waterbirds, as well as raptors. In addition, we populate, verify, and maintain a checklist of birdlife in the landscape, working with partners like Nature Kenya and the National Museums.

One of the biggest challenges faced in Sub-Saharan Africa is the provision of water resources. Kenya is limited by an annual renewable fresh water supply and is classified as a water-scarce country. As such, access to clean water remains a challenge for wildlife and communities in Northern Kenya, as well as around the Lewa landscape. Thorough evaluation of the water resources in the area is needed to develop the scientific understanding on which sound management decisions can be made.

Lewa Wildlife Conservancy has undertaken a Hydrological Monitoring and Evaluation Initiative across the region to better understand regional and local water resources, identify risks facing these, and develop tools to better understand how to manage them to ensure the future viability of the greater ecosystem. Initial funding from The Bently Foundation allowed us to install the first automated monitoring stations of flow speed and discharge on the Ngare Ndare and Sirikoi rivers, as well as standardize weather monitoring installations across the landscape.

Given the breadth and scope of research questions that arise on a landscape as varied and productive as the Lewa-Borana Landscape, it is often the case that external partners are required to help understand our ecosystem better. We have built long-running collaborations with several universities and research institutions around the world, providing a field site for undergraduate, Masters, PhD students, and Post-Doc fellows to conduct their research. This work complements the Research Department’s efforts and has helped build a library of reference resources for current and future land managers.